Sjögren’s syndrome

Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the immune system primarily attacks moisture-producing glands, often causing dry eyes and mouth. In some cases, it can affect other organs and body systems.

Common Symptoms

• Dry eyes, often burning, gritty, red, or sensitive to light
• Dry mouth, which may cause difficulty swallowing, cracked lips, dental issues, or altered taste
• Fatigue and joint or muscle pain
• Occasional swelling of the salivary glands
• In some cases, issues with skin, lungs, kidneys, nerves, or blood vessels

Causes
Sjögren’s results from an abnormal immune response where white blood cells attack the glands. Genetics and environmental triggers, such as viral infections, may contribute.

Who Is at Risk?

• Most common in women, especially middle-aged, but can occur at any age
• People with other autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
• Family history of autoimmune disease

Diagnosis
Diagnosis combines symptom review, physical exam, and tests, which may include:

• Blood tests for autoantibodies such as anti-Ro/SSA, anti-La/SSB, ANA, and rheumatoid factor
• Tear production and eye surface assessments (Schirmer test, staining tests)
• Salivary flow measurement and imaging of the salivary glands
• Minor salivary gland biopsy in some cases

Because Sjögren’s can affect multiple systems, specialists may include a rheumatologist, ophthalmologist, and dentist or oral medicine provider.

Outlook and Care
Sjögren’s is a long-term condition, but symptoms can often be managed. TidalHealth focuses on easing dryness, preventing complications like dental or eye issues, and addressing broader health concerns. Regular checkups are important, as people with Sjögren’s have a slightly increased risk for certain complications, including some lymphomas.

What causes Sjögren’s syndrome?
It is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks moisture-producing glands. Genetics and environmental factors such as viral exposures may contribute.

Is Sjögren’s curable?
No, there is currently no cure, but symptoms can be managed effectively through treatments and self-care. Early diagnosis and regular follow-up help reduce complication risks.

How is Sjögren’s diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves your medical history, physical exam, blood tests for specific autoantibodies, tear and saliva production tests, gland imaging, and sometimes a minor salivary gland biopsy.

What treatments are available?

• Dry eyes: Artificial tears, prescription eye drops, punctal plugs, eyelid hygiene
• Dry mouth: Saliva substitutes, sugar-free lozenges or gum, oral moisturizers, dental care, medications to stimulate saliva
• Wider symptoms: Rheumatologists may prescribe medications to support the immune system for fatigue, joint pain, or other organ involvement

Will Sjögren’s shorten my life?
Most people with primary Sjögren’s live a normal lifespan. Those with widespread involvement may have a slightly higher risk for complications, including certain lymphomas. Regular monitoring helps reduce risk.

Can Sjögren’s affect pregnancy?
Most people have healthy pregnancies. Certain autoantibodies (anti-Ro/SSA, anti-La/SSB) can rarely affect the baby’s heart, so additional monitoring may be recommended. Discuss pregnancy plans with your rheumatologist or obstetrician.

How can I manage daily symptoms?

• Use preservative-free artificial tears frequently
• Humidify your living spaces
• Stay well hydrated
• Use saliva substitutes as needed
• Maintain excellent oral hygiene and see your dentist regularly
• Avoid tobacco and limit caffeine or alcohol
• Schedule rest breaks to manage fatigue

When should I see a specialist?
If you have persistent dry eyes or mouth, recurring dental or eye problems, fatigue, or salivary gland swelling, contact your primary care practitioner. They may refer you to a rheumatologist, ophthalmologist, or dentist for specialized care and ongoing support.